Note - there's no correct name for these puzzles so I'm just making up my own names
Gen 1 and Gold/Silver and HeartGold/SoulSilver Kanto gyms
Pewter city Gym - maze-like puzzle
Cerulean Gym - maze-like puzzle
Vermilion Gym - switch puzzle
Celadon Gym - maze-like puzzle
Fuchsia Gym - invisible maze-like puzzle
Saffron Gym - warp tile puzzle
Cinnabar Gym - quiz-like puzzle
Seafoam Island Gym - maze-like puzzle
Viridian Gym - moving tile puzzle
Gen 2
Violet Gym - tower-like/maze-like puzzle
Azalea Gym (Gold and Silver) - maze-like puzzle
Azalea Gym (HeartGold and SoulSilver) - moving kart puzzle
Goldenrod Gym - maze-like gym
Ecruteak Gym (Gold/Silver) - invisible maze-like puzzle
Ecruteak Gym (HeartGold/SoulSilver) - I don't know how to explain it. Just look at this
Cianwood Gym (gold/silver) - maze-like puzzle
Cianwood gym (HeartGold/SoulSilver) - winch-turning puzzle
Olivine Gym - there is no puzzle. you can just walk straight to jasmine
Mahogany Gym - ice sliding puzzle
Blackthorn Gym (Gold/Silver) - maze-like puzzle
Blackthorn Gym (HeartGold/SoulSilver) - platform moving puzzle
Do you even realise how much time this takes?
Gen 3
Rustboro Gym - maze-like puzzle
Dewford Gym - maze-like puzzle
Mauvile Gym - electric door puzzle
Lavaridge Gym - warping tile puzzle
Petalburg Gym - room choosing puzzle
Fortree Gym - rotating door puzzle
Mossdeep Gym - warp tile puzzle
Sootopolis Gym - maze-like puzzle
Gen 4
Oreburgh Gym - there's no puzzle in this. you can just walk to Roark or you can fight a trainer and fight Roark
Eterna Gym (DP and BDSP) - hidden trainer maze-like puzzle (I don't know how to say it)
Eterna Gym (Platinum) - clock puzzle puzzle(i dont know how to say this either)
Veilstone Gym (BDSP and DP) - path making puzzle?
Veilstone Gym (Platinum) - punching bag pushing puzzle
Pastoria Gym - water level-changing puzzle
Hearthome Gym - quiz-like puzzle
Canalave Gym - moving platform/lift puzzle
Snowpoint Gym - snowball pushing puzzle
Sunyshore Gym - rotating platform puzzle
Gen 5 (I'm not going to list Black 2 White 2 gym puzzles)
Striaton Gym - type choosing puzzle
Nacrene Gym - quiz like puzzle
Castelia Gym - button pressing puzzle
Nimbasa Gym - roller coaster puzzle
Driftveil Gym - elevator puzzle
Mistralton Gym - canon puzzle
Icirrus Gym - Ice skating puzzle
Opelucid Gym - maze-like puzzle
Gen 6
Santalune Gym - maze like puzzle
Cyllage Gym - climbing puzzle
Shalour Gym- trainer defeating puzzle?
Coumarine Gym - obstacle course
Lumiose Gym - quiz-like puzzle
Laverre Gym - warp tile puzzle
Anistar Gym - warp tile puzzle
Snowbelle Gym - rotating plat form puzzle
Gen 8 yay the last one
Turfield tadium - wooloo herding puzzle
Hulbury Stadium - maze-like/switch activating puzzle
Monostoke Stadium - defeating/catching wild Pokemon puzzle
Stow-on-Side Stadium - spinning teacup puzzle
Ballonlea Stadium - quiz-like puzzle
Circhester Stadium - maze-like puzzle
Spikemuth Gym - no puzzle
Hammerlocke Stadium - no puzzle
Well that's it I guess.
Source