Patrat
Attack
152 EVs (-100 from Vitamins)
30 Patrat faints is only 150 EVs
** 30 x 5 EVs (4 from Bracer, 1 from Patrat) = 150
You need to fight another 2 Patrats w/o the Bracer
Basculin
Speed
152 EVs (-100 from Vitamins)
25 Basculin faints is only 150 EVs
** 25 x 6 EVs (4 from Anklet, 2 from Basculin) = 150
You need to fight another 1 Basculin w/o the Anklet
You need to use the Power Anklet when fighting Basculin to gain 4 more speed EVs for each successful battle. The Power Bracer will only give out Attack EVs, regardless of Pokemon fought. I know you wrote you had the Bracer & Anklet, but I don't know if you switched items when fighting (since in your maths, you wrote bracer instead of anklet).
If you used the Bracer when you fought Basculins, 4 x 25 = 100 Attack EVs, so that's why the vitamins aren't working, since your attack is (near) maxed out.
If you did switch items when you were fighting Basculins, then I can't really understand why a Pokemon would refuse vitamins; a Pokemon refuses Vitamins either when the stat is maxed out or when you have given it 10 already, or when you've maxed out the 510 EVs allotted to a Pokemon.
There's a way to check Effort Values, which is to call Bianca and ask her. She will tell you if you have reached 510 EVs yet or not. You can also check happiness in Icirrus City's Pokémon Fan Club.
List of EV enhancing items